Preparedness, awareness and ownership of young future healthcare professionals are associated with their willingness to contribute to health system resilience in a NATO collective defense scenario: a cross-sectional study among medical, nursing and paramedic students in Germany

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Russia's war against Ukraine has renewed discussion about a possible NATO Article 5 collective defense scenario in Europe. In such a situation, Germany would function as key logistical and medical hub, placing substantial strain on its healthcare system. Experience from the COVID-19 pandemic suggests that health system resilience not only depends on infrastructure but also on availability and commitment of health professionals. This study examined willingness of future health professionals in Germany to contribute beyond routine duties in such a crisis and assessed preparedness, ownership, and awareness as potential determinants. METHODS: Between 20 May and 15 July 2025, a cross-sectional online survey was conducted among German medical, nursing, and paramedic students (n = 514). Data were collected on demographics and self-assessed individual preparedness, perceived institutional preparedness, voluntary engagement as major indicator of ownership, and awareness regarding a NATO collective defense scenario. Willingness to contribute beyond routine practice was assessed across preparatory activities, crisis-specific medical tasks, and modified working conditions. Composite scores were calculated for awareness, individual and institutional preparedness, and willingness. Associations with willingness were examined using multivariable linear regression adjusted for predefined covariates. RESULTS: Overall, 48.8% considered a NATO collective defense scenario by 2030 likely, 83.3% anticipated negative effects on the German healthcare system, and 94.5% perceived the healthcare system as poorly prepared. Individual preparedness was low (median: 3 on 0-12 scale; IQR: 1-5), while recent voluntary engagement, including voluntary work during studies or apprenticeships in general or in civil aid organizations specifically, was common (59.1%). Participants showed high willingness to engage in preparatory measures and to provide care in Germany, but lower willingness to initiate trainings or to provide care for German or allied soldiers abroad. In adjusted regression analyses, higher perceived institutional preparedness, voluntary engagement, and awareness were significantly associated with greater willingness (all: p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Willingness of future health professionals to support the German healthcare system in a NATO collective defense scenario was associated with perceived institutional preparedness, awareness, and voluntary engagement. Widespread perceptions of insufficient preparedness raise concerns about system resilience, and the associated factors might represent potential targets for policy interventions.

The authors' abstract, as published at the source. BMC Public Health, 2026 · DOI ↗