Calphad· 2026Q2
Thermodynamic assessment of the Bi–Zn and Bi–Sb–Zn systems
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- Q2SCImago
- 2026year
Short summary
A CALPHAD thermodynamic assessment accurately reproduces experimental phase diagrams for Bi–Zn and Bi–Sb–Zn systems, confirming the Sb–Zn subsystem's dominance and the absence of ternary compounds, providing a basis for lead-free alloy design.
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Key points
- CALPHAD approach used for thermodynamic assessment of Bi–Zn and Bi–Sb–Zn systems.
- Calculated Bi–Zn phase diagram accurately reproduces eutectic, monotectic reactions, and miscibility range.
- Isothermal sections for ternary Bi–Sb–Zn system at 300°C, 425°C, and 500°C are consistent with experimental observations.
- Sb–Zn subsystem plays a predominant role, and no ternary compounds were identified in the Bi–Sb–Zn system.
AI-generated from the title and abstract; the full text is not read.
Abstract
Bismuth-based alloys are considered promising candidates as environmentally friendly alternatives. This study presents a thermodynamic evaluation of the binary Bi–Zn and ternary Bi–Sb–Zn systems was performed using the CALPHAD approach, based on a critical analysis of available experimental data. Special emphasis was placed on the Bi–Zn system due to the observed discrepancies in the liquid-liquid miscibility range. The liquid and solid phases in solution were modeled using the Redlich–Kister formalism, while the Sb–Zn intermetallic compounds were described using the compound energy formalism. The thermodynamic parameters were optimized using the PARROT module of Thermo-Calc. The results show that the calculated Bi–Zn phase diagram accurately reproduces the eutectic and monotectic reactions, as well as the miscibility range, with good agreement with experimental data. For the ternary system, the isothermal sections calculated at 300°C, 425°C, and 500°C are consistent with experimental observations, and successfully reproduce the main phase equilibria. The results confirm the predominant role of the Sb–Zn subsystem and the absence of ternary compounds. Overall, this study provides a reliable thermodynamic description of the Bi–Zn and Bi–Sb–Zn systems, thus offering a basis for the design of lead-free alloys.
The authors' abstract, as published at the source. Calphad, 2026 · DOI ↗
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