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Psychological Methods· 2015Q1

A critique of the cross-lagged panel model.

Ellen L. Hamaker, Rebecca M. Kuiper, Raoul P. P. P. Grasman

Short summary

The widely used cross-lagged panel model (CLPM) may produce erroneous conclusions about causal influences because it fails to adequately account for stable, trait-like individual differences over time.

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Field: Experimental and Cognitive Psychology

Experimental and Cognitive PsychologyPsychology