An accurate low-order model of a fin-and-tube heat exchanger for the dynamic simulation of heat pumps

Abstract

Dynamic modeling of heat exchangers is essential for the analysis, control, and optimization of vapor compression systems such as heat pumps and air conditioners. These technologies are increasingly relevant in the context of energy transition, where regulatory frameworks and climate goals demand improved energy efficiency and reduced greenhouse gas emissions. Accurate yet computationally efficient models are crucial for system-level simulation, control design, and digital twin development. Traditional low-order approaches, such as lumped parameter and moving boundary models, offer fast computation but often lack the fidelity needed to capture dynamic two-phase phenomena, especially under transient or off-design conditions. Finite volume models offer better accuracy but are often too computationally demanding for real-time applications. This work presents a segment-by-segment heat exchanger model that balances accuracy and efficiency, allowing for detailed prediction of dynamic behavior with limited computational cost. The model was implemented using the Simscape language within the Simulink environment and was validated in both condenser and evaporator configurations. Simulation results show good agreement with a higher-fidelity reference model developed in EVAP-COND 5.0 environment, with a maximum deviation of 2.7% for the sensible heat transfer in condenser mode, while the evaporator mode exhibited deviations of 6.8% for the latent heat transfer and -2.4% for the sensible heat transfer. The proposed approach supports the development of advanced, energy-efficient HVAC systems within increasingly stringent regulatory contexts.

The authors' abstract, as published at the source. Results in Engineering, 2026 · DOI ↗