Self‐Efficacy, Healthy and Sustainable Lifestyle, and Life Satisfaction: An Integrated Model Accounting for Self‐Reported Recreational Physical Activity Participation Status in Veterinary Students

Abstract

ABSTRACT Background Veterinary education is characterized by intensive curricula and demanding practical training, which may constrain students’ ability to maintain health‐promoting routines and sustainable lifestyle behaviors. In such contexts, general self‐efficacy—a psychological resource related to persistence and coping—may be associated with both lifestyle patterns and overall life satisfaction. Objectives This study examined the associations among general self‐efficacy, healthy and sustainable lifestyle behaviors, and life satisfaction in veterinary students; evaluated whether lifestyle statistically accounted for part of the self‐efficacy–life satisfaction association; and adjusted for self‐reported physical activity participation status derived from a single preference item. Methods A cross‐sectional sample of 554 veterinary students (378 females, 176 males) was recruited using non‐probability convenience sampling. Participants completed the General Self‐Efficacy Scale (GSES), the Healthy and Sustainable Lifestyle Scale (HSLS), and the Life Satisfaction Scale (LSS). Multiple regression and a nonparametric bootstrap indirect‐effect analysis (5,000 resamples) were performed with class level entered categorically; a numeric class‐level sensitivity analysis was also conducted. Results Higher self‐efficacy was associated with a healthier and more sustainable lifestyle, and both self‐efficacy and lifestyle were independently associated with life satisfaction. In the primary model using categorical class‐level coding, the indirect estimate through HSLS was 0.0765 (95% CI [0.0479, 0.1082]), representing 29.2% of the total association. A sensitivity analysis using numeric class‐level coding produced a similar indirect estimate (0.0778, 95% CI [0.0495, 0.1092]). Students who selected the no‐participation option on the physical activity preference item reported lower GSES, HSLS, and LSS scores than those who selected an activity option. Conclusions The findings identify a cross‐sectional pattern of association among self‐efficacy, lifestyle, and life satisfaction but do not establish temporal or causal relationships. Veterinary faculties may consider developing and formally evaluating student‐support initiatives that strengthen efficacy beliefs, facilitate healthy and sustainable routines, and provide accessible opportunities for recreational activity. Longitudinal and intervention studies using validated physical activity measures are needed before causal or program‐effectiveness conclusions are drawn. Clinical Trial Registration Not applicable

The authors' abstract, as published at the source. Veterinary Medicine and Science, 2026 · DOI ↗