Sequential Generalized Kernel Equating: Providing Comparable Scores Across Multiple Test Forms With Nonequivalent Groups and Differently Measured Covariates

Abstract

Test equating using covariates may be applied to provide comparable scores from multiple test forms when no anchor items are available. However, its performance may be compromised if some of the covariates themselves are measured using different test forms. In this work, we propose sequential generalized kernel equating to account for possible differences in the distribution of covariates used in the nonequivalent groups with covariates (NEC) design. We evaluate the proposed approach through a simulation study within the generalized kernel equating framework. Results indicate that equating the covariate reduces bias in equated test scores, particularly when the covariate distributions differ, and the correlation between the covariate and the test score is strong. A real data example from a national high school leaving examination further demonstrates the practical application, and the discussion considers its potential use in linking and harmonizing scores from related psychological and behavioral measures.

The authors' abstract, as published at the source. Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, 2026 · DOI ↗