Sensor-Integrated Submarine Communication Cable Systems: A TOE-ISM-MICMAC Analysis

Abstract

Submarine cables offer valuable potential for environmental and geophysical sensing. However, technical feasibility alone does not establish the broader conditions required for adoption. This study examines the structural relationships among technological, organizational, and environmental factors influencing sensor-integrated submarine communication cable systems (SCCS) in Indonesia. An exploratory expert-based design was employed, combining a previously developed optical communication simulation as the technical basis with Technology–Organization–Environment (TOE)-based factor identification, expert elicitation, Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM), and Matrix of Cross-Impact Multiplication Applied to Classification (MICMAC). Fifteen experts from government institutions and the submarine cable industry assessed the contextual relationships among seven predefined factors. The ISM-MICMAC analysis produced a single-level structure in which all seven factors had a driving power of 7 and a dependence power of 7, indicating that each factor was reachable from every other factor through direct and/or indirect relationships in the final reachability matrix. The results highlight the structural interconnectedness of technological, organizational, and environmental factors. From a Responsible Innovation (RI) perspective, the findings highlight organizational capability, stakeholder inclusion, regulatory responsiveness, and standardization as governance considerations for sensor-integrated SCCS in Indonesia.

The authors' abstract, as published at the source. Technologies, 2026 · DOI ↗