Copper Deficiency and Other Micronutrient Deficiencies During Prolonged Jejunal Versus Gastric Enteral Nutrition in Children

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Copper deficiency is described in adults on prolonged jejunal enteral nutrition, but paediatric evidence remains scarce. We compared the prevalence, timing and consequences of copper and other micronutrient deficiencies in children on prolonged jejunal versus gastric enteral nutrition. Methods: Ambispective observational cohort study at a tertiary paediatric centre. Children aged 0–18 years receiving at least 80% of their nutritional requirements through an enteral device for more than three months were studied; pre-existing malabsorption was an exclusion criterion. Groups were defined by feeding route (jejunal or gastric). Serum copper, zinc, iron and selenium were assessed longitudinally, with concurrent C-reactive protein < 2 mg/dL. Results: Forty-six patients were included (jejunal, 31; gastric, 15). Copper deficiency occurred in 9 of 31 jejunal patients (29.0%) and in no gastric patient (risk difference 29.0%, 95% CI 4.9–46.6%; p = 0.021). Iron deficiency was the commonest abnormality (71% versus 60%; p = 0.51). Six of the nine copper-deficient children developed anaemia or neutropenia; all normalised after oral copper sulfate given through the gastric route. Conclusions: In this single-centre cohort, prolonged jejunal feeding was associated with more frequent copper deficiency despite adequate intake; larger studies should confirm this. We suggest monitoring serum copper from three months after post-pyloric feeding starts.

The authors' abstract, as published at the source. Nutrients, 2026 · DOI ↗