Instrumentations, Devices, Machines and Their Health Condition Monitoring Techniques Used in Biomedical Engineering: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

The instrumentation, devices, and machines used in biomedical applications has a highly intricate structure that necessitates not just a substantial number of components (i.e., medical imaging machines; medical sensing devices; robotics; wearable devices; and e-Health remote monitoring systems), but also different types of technologies (mechanical, hydraulic, and pneumatic devices to operate, and electrical and/or electronic devices to control). This intricacy makes them susceptible to breakdowns and malfunctions, which can result in injuries and, in severe cases, fatal accidents. Therefore, developing effective health condition monitoring (HCM) methods is essential for handling fault detection and diagnosis (FDD), fault tolerant control (FTC), and prognosis and health management (PHM) in the field of biomedical engineering. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the contemporary techniques for fault detection, diagnosis, and prognosis in the diversified smart-biomedical systems (SBSs) and their different applications. Ultimately, to provide a state-of-the-art and a platform for researchers, doctors (i.e., the operators), maintenance teams, and experts to investigate, innovate, and implement the most effective HCM techniques for their uses; thus facilitating the rapid advancement of monitoring and fault detection in biomedical engineering during a period of heightened interest in condition-based maintenance (CBM) and the incorporation of advanced technology in the medical field, particularly, with the availability of big-data and the internet of things (IoT) within the blooming era of artificial intelligence (AI), especially at present, with the 4th industrial revolution.

The authors' abstract, as published at the source. Machines, 2026 · DOI ↗