Critiquing sport fandom inclusivity

Abstract

Purpose While anyone can choose to follow and support an athlete, team, sport, or league, not everyone feels welcomed and included as a sport fan. There are numerous examples of sport fandom being a closed, exclusive and unwelcoming space. This paper aims to examine issues of inclusivity and exclusion in sport fandom and explore how fan relationships, interactions, and organizational practices shape sport fans’ experiences of inclusion and belonging. Design/methodology/approach In taking a closer and deeper look at fandom in the sport industry through a review of relevant literature and an overview of articles in the special issue, we draw attention to the dynamics of sport fandom inclusivity, which is experienced as relational, contextual, evolving and complex, and shaped by both fan cultures and organizational practices. Findings First, we highlight the impact of relationships and interactions among fans in real and digital spaces. Articles in the special issue focus on fan relationships with each other and with teams through supporting alternative, progressive values. Second, we discuss the impact of organizational practices on sport fans' perceptions and experiences of inclusion and belonging. In our special issue, we highlight the impact of sport event legacy plans for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer/questioning, and other sexual and gender identity communities, women and non-binary fans, telling different stories about sport heroes and creating media content amongst fans of women's sport. Originality/value Our hope with this special issue is to encourage sport organizations and sport fans to do more to create environments of inclusivity and belonging and work toward the idea that sport fandom is welcoming to everyone.

The authors' abstract, as published at the source. Equality Diversity and Inclusion An International Journal, 2026 · DOI ↗