YOD1 stabilizes HIV-1 Nef via K6-linked deubiquitination to promote viral infectivity and impair immune recovery

Abstract

Background Immune non-response to antiretroviral therapy remains a major challenge in HIV-1 management, yet the underlying molecular mechanisms are incompletely understood. Methods In this study, we performed comparative quantitative proteomics on samples from immunonon-responsive (INR) and immune-responsive (IR) individuals, identifying the deubiquitinase YOD1 as one of the most significantly upregulated proteins in INR patients, accompanied by hyperactivation of ubiquitin‑proteasome pathways. Results Through immunoprecipitation coupled with mass spectrometry, we found that YOD1 associates with the HIV-1 Nef protein, a key viral factor that subverts host immunity. Mechanistically, YOD1 specifically removes K6‑linked polyubiquitin chains from Nef via its catalytic cysteine residue (C155S), thereby preventing proteasomal degradation and dose‑dependently stabilizing Nef protein levels without affecting its transcription. This regulation was selective for Nef, as YOD1 did not alter other HIV‑1 proteins (gp120, Vif, or Tat). In HIV‑1‑infected THP‑1 macrophages and clinical PBMCs from people living with HIV, YOD1 expression correlated positively with Nef levels and viral load; knockdown or catalytic inactivation of YOD1 markedly increased Nef ubiquitination, reduced p24 antigen secretion, and suppressed virus production. Importantly, screening of nutritional compounds revealed that Vitamin C (VC) promotes YOD1 degradation via the ubiquitin‑proteasome pathway, leading to downregulation of Nef, inhibition of HIV‑1 replication, and restoration of CD4+ T‑cell counts. These antiviral and immune‑restorative effects of VC were completely abrogated upon YOD1 depletion, confirming their dependency on YOD1 targeting. Conclusion Collectively, our findings establish YOD1 as a critical host factor that sustains HIV‑1 Nef stability and viral infectivity through K6‑linked deubiquitination, and they identify Vitamin C as a clinically accessible agent that degrades YOD1, offering a potential adjuvant strategy to improve immune recovery in non‑responding patients.

The authors' abstract, as published at the source. Frontiers in Immunology, 2026 · DOI ↗