A constructivist grounded theory of systemic oppression among tea plantation labourers in Kerala, India

Abstract

Abstract Background The tea plantation industry plays a crucial role in the socio-economic development of many countries, heavily relying on the manual labor of plantation workers. Despite their critical contributions, tea plantation laborers face persistent challenges that impact their livelihoods and well-being. Although governmental interventions have introduced legislation to improve their conditions, the effectiveness of these measures remains questionable. Objective This study aimed to explore the systemic oppression experienced by plantation labourers, focusing on the complex, multidimensional factors that sustain their lives. Methods A qualitative methodology was employed, utilizing a classical grounded theory approach. The study was conducted in Kerala, India, and semi-structured interviews were carried out with 18 plantation labourers to capture in-depth accounts of to capture the depth and complexity of the challenges faced by the labourers. Results Data analysis led to the identification of several codes, which were categorized into six major dimensions: socioeconomic determinants, health, working environment conditions, psychological factors, political influences, and welfare provisions. Together, these dimensions form a comprehensive framework labelled "systemic oppression," highlighting the complex interplay of factors contributing to the ongoing struggles of plantation labourers. Conclusion The analysis reveals a deeply rooted pattern of systemic oppression affecting plantation labourers, emphasizing the multidimensional nature of their challenges and the urgent need for significant reforms. This research offers valuable insights into the persistent struggles faced by these Labours and also calls for further research and government actions.

The authors' abstract, as published at the source. SN Social Sciences, 2026 · DOI ↗