Understanding Ion Transmission and m / z Bias in Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry

Abstract

Abstract The analysis of high molecular weight or heterogeneous macromolecules is a significant analytical challenge. This is especially the case in mass spectrometry, where heterogeneity results in unresolved signal in m/z from which charge, and thus mass, information cannot be discerned. Recent developments in mass spectrometry-based approaches overcome these challenges by the simultaneous detection of m/z and charge, and their expanded application has been aided by the development of commercial instrument platforms for transmitting large, heterogeneous molecules. However, the characterization of heterogeneous species that span a broad range in m/z, such as glycoproteins, polysaccharides, or polymers, is still particularly challenging due to m/z bias that is induced by the conventional approach of tuning a mass spectrometer for optimal transmission over a narrow window in m/z. To assist MS users in understanding and characterizing this m/z bias, the reader is guided through the entire ion path of an Orbitrap UHMR mass spectrometer and explained the purpose and effect of each component on ion detection. On the basis of this knowledge, practical recommendations for instrument tuning are presented with the aim of mitigating m/z bias and standardizing mass spectrum data reporting. The main target audience of this tutorial are bio-, synthetic or analytical chemists with an interest in the characterization of heterogeneous molecules and mixtures, or scientists interested in understanding each of the factors that contribute to the generation of a mass spectrum on one of the most widely used commercial instrument platforms in the world.

The authors' abstract, as published at the source. Analytical Chemistry, 2026 · DOI ↗