Beyond hot and cold: experiential amplification and the “thermal kick” in contemporary bathing

Abstract

Introduction Thermal bathing places the body within intense but highly variable human-centric indoor environments. Similar exposures to heat, cold, and contrast may be experienced as restorative, threatening, socially connective, culturally familiar, or simply unpleasant, suggesting that thermal dose alone does not explain lived outcome. This study examined how thermal settings organize embodied experience and developed the concept of the composed thermal episode. Methods A maximum-variation corpus of 77 publicly accessible items was assembled from user posts and reviews ( n = 49), media accounts ( n = 16), and provider texts ( n = 12) spanning sauna, banya, hammam, cold immersion, contrast bathing, onsen, hot springs, and related settings. Reflexive thematic and comparative discourse analyses were combined with abductive conceptual synthesis. Results Fifteen recurrent experiential processes were organized into six higher-order thematic pathways: compulsory embodiment; voluntary ordeal and credible difficulty; chosen surrender and care; contrast, relief, and resolution; social and environmental composition; and retrospective felt efficacy and alignment. Across these pathways, state of mind, occupant behaviour, environmental congruence, infrastructural containment, social attunement, continuity, and legitimate exit shaped whether bodily intensity was narrated as inhabitable or threatening. The findings distinguish experiential amplification, the degree to which an episode becomes salient and consequential, from experiential alignment, the fit between that amplified experience and the participant’s capacities, intentions, sensory preferences, and social or cultural expectations. Discussion Thermal bathing therefore offers a model of person-environment interaction in which well-being and restoration do not follow from exposure or setting alone, but emerge, when they do, from the evolving relation among bodily perturbation, agency, behaviour, social atmosphere, material affordances, transition, recovery, and meaning.

The authors' abstract, as published at the source. Frontiers in Psychology, 2026 · DOI ↗