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The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research· 2026Q1

Endocrine, Skeletal, and Circadian Biomarker Profiles Across Operational Phases in Elite Special Forces Operators

William J. Kraemer, Jeff S. Volek, Mark Stephenson, Tunde K. Szivak et al.

Short summary

Elite Special Forces operators show distinct endocrine, skeletal, and circadian biomarker shifts across operational phases: vitamin D and T3 drop significantly during peak training stress, while bone resorption (CTX) decreases and melatonin doubles, indicating a stress response.

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Field: Behavioral Neuroscience

Behavioral NeuroscienceNeuroscience