Inducement Coefficients for Smart Port Logistics Equipment Technology: An Input–Output Analysis for Korea

Abstract

Countries operating major container ports without a domestic equipment supply base are pursuing self-reliance in smart port technology, but such programmes are hard to assess because their effects diffuse across the economy through inter-industry linkages. This study estimates inducement coefficients for the Korean Smart Port Technology Self-Reliance Equipment Development Project. Using the 2023 Input–Output Tables of the Bank of Korea, the programme is defined at the basic-sector level: 67 of the 380 basic sectors, spanning port equipment manufacture, construction, logistics services, software, and R&D, are extracted from their parent groups and consolidated into one sector, leaving the unrelated residuals endogenous. That sector is exogenously specified, capturing only repercussions on the remaining 33 sectors. A KRW 1 increase in programme output induces KRW 0.8358 of production and KRW 0.2958 of value added elsewhere, and KRW 1 billion induces 2.9758 jobs; on the domestic table these fall to KRW 0.5163, KRW 0.1872, and 1.9912 jobs, so about two-fifths of the gross inducement leaks abroad through imports. Production inducement falls upstream in materials, value-added, and employment inducement downstream in services. On the supply side, a KRW 1 shortfall in the sector’s domestic supply disrupts KRW 0.4013 of production among its users, and the sector shows the highest forward-linkage sensitivity of the 34-sector system. Eleven alternative delineations leave the structural findings unchanged. The coefficient vector is reported in full, so the estimates are reproducible.

The authors' abstract, as published at the source. Systems, 2026 · DOI ↗