A BIM-Based Framework for Managing Variation Claims in Tunnel Projects

Abstract

Abstract Tunnel construction projects are highly prone to variations (change orders) and claims due to inherent geotechnical uncertainties that often result in cost overruns and delays. Traditional project management skills relying on fragmented documentation are inadequate for managing the complex and prolonged variation claims. To fill this gap, this study proposes a building information modeling (BIM)-based framework that uses both contractual and construction data to estimate project data–based potential outcomes of variation claims. It integrates BIM three-dimensional (3D) modeling and four-dimensional (4D) visualization to analyze data, identify accurate scope, calculate changed quantities for cost adjustment, and estimate potential time extension under variations. The framework is validated through two case studies, demonstrating its capability to provide intermediate settlements that can facilitate human negotiators to decide the claims. The findings highlight the framework’s potential to enhance transparency, efficiency, and fairness in the dispute resolution process, extending BIM’s application beyond design coordination toward digitally supported claim management and settlement.

The authors' abstract, as published at the source. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 2026 · DOI ↗