Community knowledge, hygiene practices, and predictive factors for rotavirus and wastewater-related health risks in Morogoro, Tanzania

Abstract

ABSTRACT Wastewater is a potential reservoir for pathogens, and poor management increases the risks of diseases such as rotavirus-associated diarrhea. This study assessed community awareness, hygiene practices and socio-demographic predictors of rotavirus and wastewater-related health risk in Morogoro Municipality and Mvomero District, Tanzania. A cross-sectional survey was conducted between November 2024 and February 2025 among 244 adults residing near wastewater treatment facilities. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analysed using descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and logistic regression. Awareness of rotavirus was low, with only 23.4% (57/244) of respondents reporting prior knowledge, and 20.9% (51/244) understanding its transmission. While 55.0% (134/244) recognized health risks associated with untreated wastewater, only 26.0% (64/244) identified wastewater as a transmission pathway. Unsafe wastewater disposal practices were common, with 52.9% (129/244) discharging wastewater into open drains. Awareness of wastewater risks was significantly associated with improved hygiene practices, including proper disposal (OR = 7.39, P < 0.001) and handwashing behaviors. Education and occupation were significant predictors of awareness and preventive practices (χ2 = 44.77, χ2 = 26.11, p < 0.0001). Overall, substantial gaps exist between knowledge and practice. Strengthening community-based health education and improving sanitation infrastructure are essential to reduce diarrheal disease burden in Morogoro and similar settings.

The authors' abstract, as published at the source. Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development, 2026 · DOI ↗