Long-term risks and benefits associated with cesarean delivery for mother, baby, and subsequent pregnancies: Systematic review and meta-analysis

Short summary

Cesarean delivery, compared to vaginal birth, is linked to reduced maternal risks of urinary incontinence (OR 0.56) and pelvic organ prolapse, but increased risks for children including asthma up to age 12 (OR 1.21) and obesity up to age 5 (OR 1.59). Subsequent pregnancies face higher risks of miscarriage (OR 1.17) and stillbirth (OR 1.27), with significantly increased risks of placenta previa (OR 1.74) and accreta (OR 2.95).

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