Supporting GBV Survivors with Complex Harm Reduction and Mental Health Needs: The Community Crisis/Outreach Response (CCOR) Model’s Viability

Abstract

PURPOSE: Toronto's gender-based violence (GBV) shelters have seen a sharp increase in clients with complex needs related to mental health and/or substance use, despite often being ill‑prepared to serve them. Ernestine's pilot-tested a new theory-informed Community-Crisis/Outreach Response Model of nonresidential GBV service, which critically features a specialized and intensive stream of service. MATERIALS AND METHODS: = 60) soliciting additional information about experiences accessing the program, and self-reported changes/benefits. Comparisons were also made exploring the impact of systemic barriers on service experience (e.g., related to racism and ableism). RESULTS: Individualized and person-centered supports showed different service-use patterns by stream. Clients in both streams tended to access the support they sought, reporting benefits and satisfaction. Those served by the specialized stream spent more time working toward their goals, but did show progress. DISCUSSION: This pilot program illustrates the importance of addressing needs related to gender-based violence simultaneously along-side mental health and harm reduction needs for the benefit of the whole person. Survivors facing additional barriers (i.e., related to ableism, mental health, or harm reduction needs) tended to require more intensive, specialized support to progress toward their goals, and the CCOR Model offers this support. CONCLUSIONS: Ernestine's Community Crisis/Outreach Response Model, featuring a specialized community crisis/outreach case worker, is a viable model for supporting diverse survivors of GBV, including those with complex needs.

The authors' abstract, as published at the source. Journal of Evidence-Based Social Work, 2026 · DOI ↗