Mesh, Texture, Meta-data: A Media Archaeology of 3D file formats

Abstract

This article develops a media-archaeological account of three-dimensional imaging formats, focusing on .obj, .stl and .ply. It treats the .obj folder as a format assemblage in which spatial data (mesh), surface data (texture) and instructional data (material/metadata) remain technically separable but become visible as a coherent image only through software coordination. A selective history of 3D formats shows how industrial demands for storage, interoperability and portability have shaped the appearance and circulation of spatial images. Case studies of Sophie Kahn, Hito Steyerl and Alan Warburton examine how artists isolate, preserve and restage the seams of this layered construction. Kahn exposes the inference and repair required to turn scanned points into printable bodies; Steyerl converts the operational texture map into a political image of discontinuity; and Warburton reveals rendered visuality as an adjustable system of materials, shaders and parameters. The article argues that 3D formats shape contemporary visual culture by determining what spatial data can move between systems, by normalising the composite image as coherent visual output, and by producing format-specific residues that artists make available for critical perception. It extends format studies into 3D imaging and shows how artistic practice can operate as a media-archaeological method for examining computational images from within.

The authors' abstract, as published at the source. Convergence The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies, 2026 · DOI ↗