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The Open Journal of Astrophysics· 2026Q1

MEGATRON: how the first stars can create an iron metallicity plateau in the smallest dwarf galaxies

Martin P. Rey, Harley Katz, Corentin Cadiou, Mahsa Sanati et al.

Short summary

The MEGATRON simulations reveal that the first stars (Population III) exploding as pair-instability supernovae (PISNe) create a flat iron metallicity plateau at low stellar masses in dwarf galaxies, matching observations.

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Key points

  • MEGATRON simulations match observed dwarf galaxy stellar mass-iron metallicity relation, including a low-mass plateau.
  • Population III pair-instability supernovae (PISNe) are identified as the source of the iron metallicity plateau.
  • A strong Lyman-Werner background is crucial for PISNe to occur in halos massive enough to retain ejecta.
  • Simulations predict a tail of ~20% iron-deficient dwarf galaxies.

AI-generated from the title and abstract; the full text is not read.

Abstract

We study the stellar mass-iron metallicity relation of dwarf galaxies in the new high-resolution MEGATRON cosmological radiation-hydrodynamics simulations. These simulations model galaxy formation up to z ≈ 8 in a region that will collapse into a Milky-Way-like galaxy at z = 0 , while self-consistently tracking Population III and II (Pop.~III, Pop.~II) star formation, feedback and chemical enrichment. MEGATRON dwarf galaxies are in excellent agreement with the observed stellar mass-metallicity relation at z = 0 , including an over-abundance of dwarfs along a flat plateau in metallicity () at low stellar masses (). We tie this feature to the chemical enrichment of dwarf galaxies by Pop. III pair-instability supernova (PISN) explosions. The strong Lyman-Werner background (LW) from the protogalaxy ensures that PISNe occur in haloes massive enough () to retain their ejecta. We also predict a tail of ≈ 20 % of iron-deficient () dwarf galaxies. We show that both plateau and tail (i) are robust to large variations in Pop.~II feedback assumptions, and (ii) survive in bound satellites surrounding the central galaxy at z = 0 .

The authors' abstract, as published at the source. The Open Journal of Astrophysics, 2026 · DOI ↗

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Field: Instrumentation

InstrumentationPhysics and Astronomy