Ionic liquids promote extraction of collagen from skins/leather and application of collagen-based materials

Abstract

Collagen is the key structural component of skins and leather. Currently, the commonly used methods for collagen extraction are acid treatment, alkaline treatment, or enzymatic hydrolysis. However, these approaches often compromise the native molecular structure and generate significant environmental burdens. As one of the green, and highly efficient extraction strategies, ionic liquids (ILs) technology has emerged as a promising direction. This work first outlines the advantages of the ILs extraction method over other extraction techniques. The IL extraction method can enhance collagen yield, and its extraction process is more environmentally friendly and economical. Subsequently, it reviews recent advances in collagen extraction from skins and leather using ILs, emphasizing their role in enhancing collagen yield. The work summarizes the mechanism whereby ILs disrupt hydrogen bonds and ionic bonds stabilizing collagen molecular structures, thereby forming reversible new interactions to facilitate extraction. It was found that ILs have significant advantages in the application of collagen-based materials. In addition to improving the extraction efficiency of collagen, ILs can also promote the functionalization modification of collagen. It can not only regulate the microstructure and mechanical properties of collagen, but also give collagen antibacterial, conductive and other functions. Meanwhile, due to the low volatility, low toxicity and recyclability of ILs, the cost and environmental risks are greatly reduced. Particular attention is given to practical applications in drug delivery systems, tissue engineering, flexible sensors, and leather industry, underlining the broad technological relevance of this approach. Finally, we identify current limitations and outline future research directions. By consolidating the latest findings, this review aims to accelerate broader adoption of IL technologies, fostering greener, more sustainable trajectories for collagen.

The authors' abstract, as published at the source. Collagen and Leather, 2026 · DOI ↗