Green-synthesized nanoparticles for glass ionomer cement reinforcement: a systematic review of their antimicrobial, mechanical, and physicochemical properties

Abstract

Abstract Aims This systematic review critically evaluates the antimicrobial performance, mechanical properties, and fluoride release of glass ionomer cements (GICs) modified exclusively with green-synthesized nanoparticles. The review highlights how eco-friendly nanoparticle production influences material behavior and clinical applicability. Methods A comprehensive literature search was conducted across multiple electronic databases to identify in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies reporting on GICs incorporated with green synthesized nanoparticles. Inclusion criteria were based on nanoparticle synthesis method, outcomes, and material characterization. Data extraction, quality assessment, and synthesis followed PRISMA guidelines. Results Twenty-five studies met the inclusion criteria. Green-synthesized nanoparticles derived from plant and biological extracts consistently enhanced antibacterial activity through reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, membrane disruption, ion release, and biofilm inhibition. Improvements in compressive strength, microhardness, and fluoride release were observed for several nanoparticle formulations, particularly chitosan–titania–zirconia–hydroxyapatite and plant-mediated hydroxyapatite. However, variability in synthesis routes, nanoparticle concentrations, and characterization protocols limited direct comparison across studies. Conclusions Green-synthesized nanoparticles significantly improve the antimicrobial and mechanical properties of GICs while offering enhanced biocompatibility and sustainability compared to chemically synthesized nanomaterials. Standardized synthesis, precise nanoparticle characterization, and clinical validation are essential to advance the integration of green nanotechnology in restorative dentistry.

The authors' abstract, as published at the source. BMC Oral Health, 2026 · DOI ↗