Light Science & Applications· 2019Q1· Review
Single-photon avalanche diode imagers in biophotonics: review and outlook
- 501citations
- Q1SCImago
- 2019year
Short summary
Single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) arrays, now mature and integrated into CMOS technology, offer unparalleled single-photon detection and time-resolved imaging for biophotonics applications.
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Key points
- SPAD arrays provide single-photon imaging with high time resolution.
- The technology has advanced from basic designs to integrated on-chip processing.
- SPADs are now applied in diverse biophotonics fields like FLIM, super-resolution microscopy, and spectroscopy.
- Challenges for designers and users remain, with future outlooks discussed.
AI-generated from the title and abstract; the full text is not read.
Abstract
Single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) arrays are solid-state detectors that offer imaging capabilities at the level of individual photons, with unparalleled photon counting and time-resolved performance. This fascinating technology has progressed at a very fast pace in the past 15 years, since its inception in standard CMOS technology in 2003. A host of architectures have been investigated, ranging from simpler implementations, based solely on off-chip data processing, to progressively "smarter" sensors including on-chip, or even pixel level, time-stamping and processing capabilities. As the technology has matured, a range of biophotonics applications have been explored, including (endoscopic) FLIM, (multibeam multiphoton) FLIM-FRET, SPIM-FCS, super-resolution microscopy, time-resolved Raman spectroscopy, NIROT and PET. We will review some representative sensors and their corresponding applications, including the most relevant challenges faced by chip designers and end-users. Finally, we will provide an outlook on the future of this fascinating technology.
The authors' abstract, as published at the source. Light Science & Applications, 2019 · DOI ↗
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Field: Instrumentation
InstrumentationPhysics and Astronomy