Mahler's method in several variables and finite automata

Abstract

We develop a theory of linear Mahler systems in several variables from the perspective of transcendence and algebraic independence, which also includes the possibility of dealing with several systems associated with sufficiently independent matrix transformations. Our main results go far beyond the existing literature, also surpassing those of two unpublished preprints the authors made available on the arXiv in 2018. The main new feature is that our results apply now without any restriction on the matrices defining the corresponding Mahler systems. As a consequence, we settle several problems concerning expansions of numbers in multiplicatively independent bases. For instance, we prove that no irrational real number can be automatic in two multiplicatively independent integer bases, and we give a new proof and a broad algebraic generalization of Cobham's theorem in automata theory. We also provide a new proof and a multivariate generalization of Nishioka's theorem, a landmark result in Mahler's method.

The authors' abstract, as published at the source. Annals of Mathematics, 2026 · DOI ↗