Consolidation of shared sustainability visions through deliberative multicriteria evaluation in Ecuadorian cocoa farming communities

Abstract

Sustainability transitions in smallholder agriculture depend on how local communities understand and prioritise different futures, yet most assessment tools rely on externally defined criteria and expert-led evaluations. This study examines how deliberation shapes cocoa farmers’ evaluations of sustainability pathways. In two-day workshops with eight farmer groups (n = 36) in two regions of Ecuador (Amazon and Coast), farmers evaluated four scenarios using intuitive ranking, urgency ratings, and swing-weighting, based on sustainability criteria they had generated in a prior Photovoice process. We compared intuitive and criteria-based rankings of scenarios and calculated indices of individual deliberative reasoning and intersubjective consensus before and after deliberation. In the Amazon, where intuitive scenario preferences diverged, deliberation led all groups to converge on the same scenario rankings and to reweight criteria towards long-term environmental and social concerns. Importance-consensus and individual reasoning indices increased modestly, indicating tighter alignment between what farmers valued and the futures they preferred. In the Coastal region, groups already shared a strong preference for an environmentally restorative scenario. Deliberation primarily reinforced this consensus, substantially increasing agreement on the prioritisation of sustainability criteria while leaving overall scenario rankings unchanged. Across regions, some groups showed closer alignment between intuitive and criteria-based rankings after deliberation, while others diverged, suggesting that deliberation can both stabilise and reconfigure preferences as trade-offs are recognised. The results show that deliberative multicriteria evaluation, when grounded in community-generated criteria and narratives, can articulate and consolidate shared sustainability visions even where prior engagement has already fostered high agreement. The deliberation indices proposed here provide a transferable framework for tracking learning, reasoning, and consensus in participatory planning, supporting the design of more context-sensitive sustainability interventions.

The authors' abstract, as published at the source. PLOS Sustainability and Transformation, 2026 · DOI ↗