World Economy· 2026Q1
International Cocoa Trading Arrangements Between Industrialised and Developing Countries 1951–1999: A Structural Gravity Analysis
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- 2026year
Short summary
EU trade agreements like the Yaoundé and Lomé Agreements significantly boosted cocoa trade between developing producers and industrial nations from 1951-1999, unlike British Commonwealth or GATT schemes.
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Key points
- EU trade agreements (Association, Yaoundé, Lomé) positively impacted cocoa trade from 1951-1999.
- British Commonwealth partnership and GATT's Generalized System of Preferences did not show a measurable positive impact.
- The Yaoundé Agreement boosted trade between EU members and signatory cocoa producers.
- Yaoundé also strengthened trade between former colonizers and their cocoa-producing former colonies.
AI-generated from the title and abstract; the full text is not read.
Abstract
ABSTRACT Using a state‐of‐the‐art structural gravity model, we investigate the impact of various (post‐)colonial cocoa trading arrangements on the cocoa trade between developing cocoa producer countries and rich industrial cocoa consumer nations in the time period 1951–1999. We find that in particular the trading arrangements of the European (Economic) Community (EEC/EC), such as the Association, Yaoundé and Lomé Agreements, as well as the UNCTAD International Cocoa Agreement, had a measurable positive impact on cocoa trade flows, in contrast to the British Commonwealth partnership or the GATT Generalised System of Preferences. In particular, the Yaoundé Agreement not only increased the trade between other EEC/EC members and the signatory cocoa producers, but also strengthened the trading relationship between the former coloniser countries and their cocoa producing former colonies, in fact more than offsetting the negative effect of independence.
The authors' abstract, as published at the source. World Economy, 2026 · DOI ↗
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HorticultureAgricultural and Biological Sciences