Biomolecules· 2026Q1· Review
Sex, Sex Hormones and Inflammatory Burden and Cardiovascular Risk in Patients with Spondyloarthritis
- 0citations
- Q1SCImago
- 2026year
Short summary
Sex and sex hormones may influence cardiovascular risk in spondyloarthritis patients beyond inflammation, with emerging evidence suggesting clinically relevant differences in disease and outcomes between males and females.
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Key points
- Spondyloarthritis patients face increased cardiovascular disease risk due to chronic inflammation.
- Biological sex and sex hormones may independently modify inflammatory pathways and cardiovascular risk.
- Emerging evidence suggests clinically relevant differences in disease manifestations and CV outcomes between males and females with spondyloarthritis.
- Mechanisms underlying sex differences in spondyloarthritis are not yet fully understood.
AI-generated from the title and abstract; the full text is not read.
Abstract
Spondyloarthritis encompasses a spectrum of inflammatory diseases, including axial spondyloarthritis and peripheral forms such as psoriatic arthritis. Chronic inflammation is closely linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular (CV) disease in these patients. Beyond inflammatory burden, biological sex and sex hormones may modify both inflammatory pathways and CV risk. Although the mechanisms underlying sex differences in spondyloarthritis remain incompletely understood, emerging evidence suggests clinically relevant differences in disease manifestations, inflammatory activity, and CV outcomes between males and females. This review summarizes current evidence on the interplay between sex, sex hormones, inflammatory burden, and CV risk in patients with spondyloarthritis, and highlights potential implications for risk stratification and future research.
The authors' abstract, as published at the source. Biomolecules, 2026 · DOI ↗
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Field: Rheumatology
RheumatologyMedicine