Scientific Reports· 2026Q1
Integrated sustainability and risk assessment of spectrophotometric methods for determining a veterinary drug combination
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- Q1SCImago
- 2026year
Short summary
New spectrophotometric methods (CM-SS, RS-SS, DD1, AS, AM, CNV) were developed to quantify the veterinary drugs rafoxanide (RAF) and Levamisole HCl (LEV) with linearity ranges up to 40.0 µg/mL (RAF) and 15.0 µg/mL (LEV).
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Key points
- Developed CM-SS, RS-SS, DD1, AS, AM, and CNV spectrophotometric methods for RAF and LEV.
- Achieved linearity ranges of 3.0–40.0 µg/mL for RAF and 1.0–15.0 µg/mL or 1.0–13.0 µg/mL for LEV.
- Validated methods against ICH guidelines, showing no significant difference from reported methods.
- Assessed methods for green analytical chemistry principles using GAPI and AGREE.
- Conducted risk assessment using the Cumulative Validation Score (CVS).
AI-generated from the title and abstract; the full text is not read.
Abstract
Abstract Effective, sustainable, and white spectrophotometric methods were developed for the analytical assessment of both rafoxanide (RAF) and Levamisole HCl (LEV). Both components were resolved by constant multiplication coupled with spectrum subtraction (CM-SS), ratio subtraction coupled with spectrum subtraction (RS-SS), LEV was additionally determined by derivative ratio (DD 1 ), or progressively by absorbance subtraction (AS), amplitude modulation (AM), and concentration value (CNV) methods based on isosbestic point and a normalized divisor. For RAF and LEV, the linearity range was set to be either 3.0–40.0 µg/mL or 1.0–15.0 µg/mL and 1.0–13.0 µg/mL, respectively. All proposed methods were validated in accordance with ICH guidelines. No significant differences were found compared to the reported methods. The developed spectrophotometric procedures adhered to the principles of green analytical chemistry (GAC) and were evaluated using the Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI) and Analytical Greenness Metric (AGREE). The blueness assessment was conducted using the Blue Applicability Grade Index (BAGI). Whiteness was additionally assessed using the RGB 12 tool. Furthermore, a recent approach to risk assessment was conducted using the Cumulative Validation Score (CVS) to evaluate the methodological risk of the methods. The proposed approaches provide practical and sustainable options for routine QC.
The authors' abstract, as published at the source. Scientific Reports, 2026 · DOI ↗
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