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ACM Transactions on Modeling and Computer Simulation· 2026Q2

Co-Simulation Errors Due to Step Size Changes

Lars T. Kyllingstad

Short summary

Changing simulation step sizes, even to smaller values, can unexpectedly increase extrapolation errors in continuous-time co-simulations, with errors proportional to the difference between consecutive step sizes.

AI-generated from the title and abstract; the full text is not read.

Key points

  • Co-simulation extrapolation errors can increase when step sizes change.
  • Errors can worsen even when moving to smaller step sizes.
  • Derived analytic expression shows errors are proportional to differences between consecutive step sizes.
  • Assumptions are based on the smoothness of the connected variable q.

AI-generated from the title and abstract; the full text is not read.

Abstract

When two simulation units in a continuous-time co-simulation are connected via some variable q , and both simulation units have an internal state which represents the time integral of q , there will generally be a discrepancy between those states due to extrapolation errors. Normally, such extrapolation errors diminish if the macro time step size is reduced. Here, we show that changing the step size during simulation can cause such discrepancies to increase even when the change is towards smaller steps. We derive a leading-order analytic expression for the errors, showing that, under broadly applicable assumptions about the smoothness of q , they are proportional to the differences between consecutive step sizes.

The authors' abstract, as published at the source. ACM Transactions on Modeling and Computer Simulation, 2026 · DOI ↗

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Field: Management Science and Operations Research

Management Science and Operations ResearchDecision Sciences