Epidemiology of Fracture Nonunion in 18 Human Bones

Short summary

A large US payer database study of 309,330 fractures found a 4.9% nonunion rate, with risk significantly elevated by fracture severity (e.g., open fracture, OR 1.66), location (scaphoid, tibia/fibula, femur highest), comorbidities (e.g., diabetes, OR 1.40), and medications (e.g., NSAIDs+opioids, OR 1.84).

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