Atatürk Devrimleri ve Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı (1924-1938)

Abstract

Calismanin kuramsal cercevesini Ataturk'un devrim tanimi olusturmaktadir; ?Turk milletini son asirlarda geri birakmis olan mevcut muesseseleri yikarak yerlerine milletin en yuksek medeni icaplara gore ilerlemesini temin edecek yeni muesseseleri koymak? Turk milletini geri birakan eski kurumlar yikilip yerlerine yenileri kurulurken din devlet iliskileri Osmanli Devleti doneminden farkli duzenlenmeye calisilmistir. Turkiye Cumhuriyeti Devleti'nde yeni bir anlayisla, din devlet ayriligi yani laiklik ilkesi Turk milletini en medeni icaplara gore ilerletecek yeni kurumlarin temeli olmustur. Modern devletin bir sonucu olarak, devletin kurum ve kuruluslari dini ku-rallar cercevesinde yonetilmeyecek, din devlet iliskileri ayrilacaktir. Devlet kurum ve kuruluslari akli, bilimi, toplumun ihtiyaclarini one alan laik anlayis cercevesinde yo-netilecektir.Osmanli Devleti'nde Seyhulislamliga bagli vakiflar, ibadethaneler, dini egitim veren medreseler TBMM acildiktan sonra alanin uzmanlarindan olusan Ser'iyye ve Evkaf Vekâleti'ne baglanmistir. Isgal doneminde hukumet uyesi olan Ser'iyye ve Evkaf Vekâleti meclisin cikaracagi kanunlari dinsel yonden incelemistir. Bu donemde meclisin cogunlugu dini esaslara dayali bir devlet orgutlenmesi anlayisina sahiptir. Vekâlet, Kurtulus Savasi'nin dine uygun oldugu hakkinda, imam, vaiz gibi personeli araciligiyla halki aydinlatmis, isgal yillari oldugu icin teskilatlanma konusunda fazla bir sey yapamamistir. Savas bittikten sonra saltanatin kaldirilmasi, cumhuriyetin ilani gibi devrimlerin yerlesmesine hizmet etmistir. Vekâlet, Kurtulus Savasi'ndan yaklasik bir yil sonra 3 Mart 1924'te, Islam dininin iman ve ibadet meselelerinde cogunlugu Musluman olan Turk halkina hizmet vermek uzere Diyanet Isleri Baskanligi'na donusturulmustur. Bakanlik duzeyinden Basbakanliga bagli olarak din ve dini ku-rumlar siyasetin karar merkezinden cikarilarak din devlet isleri ayrilmistir. Ayni tarihli Egitim-Ogretim Birligi Kanunu ile Ser'iyye ve Evkaf Vekâleti'ne ve diger kurumlara bagli okullar Milli Egitim Bakanligi'na baglanmistir. Diyanet Isleri Baskanligi'nda hizmet verecek imam, hatip, muftu gibi gorevlilerin yetistirilmesi Egitim-Ogretim Birligi Kanunu'na gore, Milli Egitim Bakanligi'na verilmis, din hizmetlilerinin yetistirilmesi devletin gorevleri arasina alinmistir.Diyanet Isleri Baskanligi Islam dininin iman ve ibadet ile ilgili meselelerinde halkin ihtiyacini karsilamak amaciyla kuruldugu icin laik nitelikli devrimlerin, dini bir kurum olan Diyanet Isleri Baskanligi'ni ilgilendiren kisimlari, Baskanlik merkez kadroda bazi yetki konusunda belirsizlikler ve tereddutler gibi ufak tefek anlasmaz-liklar haric tutulursa ciddi karsitliklar yasanmamistir. Baskanlik, tasra teskilatinda devrimlere karsi olan personel hakkinda, mevcut kanun ve yonetmeliklere gore islem yapmis, devrimlerin yerlestirilmesine katkida bulunmustur. Diyanet Isleri Baskanli-gi'nin, devrimleri de ilgilendiren dini hizmet ve faaliyetleri, Osmanli Devleti done-minde verilen hizmet ve faaliyetlerle kiyaslanirsa devrimci anlayisa uygun oldugu soylenebilir. Osmanli doneminde Arapca verilen dini nasihat icerikli hutbe ile Arapca okunan ezanin Turkce okunmasi o donem icin devrimsel niteliktedir. Vaaz, hutbe, fetva ve muftuluk hizmetleri ve bu hizmetlere atanma ve gorevden alma gibi mesele-ler 15 yillik Ataturk doneminde gelistirilirken Diyanet Isleri Baskanligi'na yeni bir kurumsal kultur kazandirilmaya calisilmistir.AbstractAtaturk?s definition of revolution constitutes the theoretical framework of the study; ?To demolish the old institutions which made Turkish Nation stay behind, and replace them with the new ones that will lead to the improvement of the nation ac-cording to the highest civilized requirements?. While the old institutions which made Turkish Nation stay behind were being demolished, the relations between religion and the state were tried to be arranged in a different way from those of the Ottoman Period. The separation of the religious affairs from those of the state in Turkish Re-public, in other words the principle of laicism, constituted the basis of the new insti-tutions which would make Turkish Nation improve according to the most civilized requirements. As a result of the modern state, state enterprises and institutions would not be administered according to the religious rules and the religion and state affairs will be separated from each other. State enterprises and institutions would be directed according to the secular approach that would give preference to reason, science and the needs of the society.Foundations, places of worship, medressehes giving religious education, which were dependent on Sheikh ul-islam, were taken under the control of Caliphate and The Ministry of Religious Affairs which was composed of the people who were experts in their fields after the opening of the Turkish Grand National Assembly. Caliphate and The Ministry of Religious Affairs, which was a member of the gov-ernment during the occupation, examined the laws introduced by the Grand Assem-bly form the point of view of religion. In this period, most of the people in the As-sembly had the view of a state organization that was dependent on the religious rules. The Ministry enlightened the public on the fact that the war of independence was fair to the religious rules by means of its staff such as imams and preachers, but it couldn?t do much on the subject of creating the necessary organization. After the war ended, it served the establishment of the revolutions such as the abolishment of the Sultanate and proclamation of the republic. The ministry about a year later the proc-lamation of the republic on third of March, it was transformed into the Presidency of Religious Affairs in order to serve Turkish nation, most of whose members are Mus-lims, on the matters of Islam related to worship and religious faith. The religious and state affairs were separated from each other by transforming the ministry into an in-stitution depending on Prime Ministry, and religion and religious institutions were taken out of the decision mechanism of the state. With the Law on Unification of Education of the same date, the schools that were dependent on Caliphate and The Ministry of Religious Affairs and other institutions were taken under the control of the Ministry of National Education. The duty of educating the staff to work for the Presidency of Religious Affairs such as imam, preacher and mufti was given to Min-istry of National Education with the Law on Unification of Education, and the education of the religious officials was taken among the duties of the state.As the Presidency of Religious Affairs was founded with the aim of meet the needs of the public on the subjects related to Islamic faith and worship, the parts of the secular state that are related to the Presidency of Religious Affairs which is a religious institution didn?t have any importance controversy with it except for some uncertainties and hesitations such as the ones on the central staff of the presidency. The presidency took action against its personnel working in the field service who are against the revolutions according to current laws and regulations and contributed to the establishment of the revolutions. If religious services and activities which con-cerned also the revolutions of the Presidency of Religious Affairs are compared to those of the Ottoman Era, it can be said that they were suitable to the revolutionist approach. It was of revolutionist quality for the age that the khutbah dealing mainly with religious subjects and the call to prayer which were performed in Arabic in the Ottoman era were started to be performed in Turkish. While the matters such as preachment, khutbah, fetwa and the services given by office of mufti and promotion to these posts and their removal from the office were being developed during the Ataturk?s Period of 15 years, it was tried to make Presidency of Religious Affairs gain the institutional culture.

The authors' abstract, as published at the source., 2012 · DOI ↗