Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences· 2026Q1
The four ways of knowing: revising the 4P model of knowing through a non-dual and reflexive perspective
- 1citations
- Q1SCImago
- 2026year
Short summary
This paper revises Vervaeke and Mastropietro's 4P model of knowing by integrating enactive and Buddhist philosophical traditions, proposing a non-dual and reflexive framework for propositional, procedural, perspectival, and participatory knowing.
AI-generated from the title and abstract; the full text is not read.
Key points
- Revises the 4P model of knowing by incorporating enactive and Buddhist philosophical insights.
- Proposes a non-dual and reflexive perspective on the four ways of knowing: propositional, procedural, perspectival, and participatory.
- Addresses conceptual issues regarding participatory knowing and the distinctions between the four modes.
- Aims to maintain the pedagogical and transformative utility of the 4P model.
AI-generated from the title and abstract; the full text is not read.
Abstract
Abstract Vervaeke and Mastropietro’s 4P model of knowing is a non-representational and process-oriented framework that integrates four interrelated ways of knowing: propositional, procedural, perspectival, and participatory. In this paper, we revise this model, drawing on the enactive approach and insights from Madhyamaka and Yogācāra Buddhist traditions of philosophy. We first provide an integrated overview of the 4P model and identify three questions concerning the conceptualization of participatory knowing and the ontological status of distinctions between the four ways of knowing. We then introduce the enactive and Buddhist resources that inform our treatment, and address these questions through a non-dual and reflexive treatment that preserves the framework’s pedagogical and transformative potential. Finally, we discuss how the revised framework can inform fields as diverse as education, psychotherapy, and contemplative pedagogy.
The authors' abstract, as published at the source. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, 2026 · DOI ↗
Continue with a free account
Ask the paper: 3 free questions a day about this paper; save it, get its citation, new summaries every day for your field. Takeaways are Premium.
Continue free on the webSign in with Google or Apple; no card needed. You come back to this paper.
On your phone:
Field: Philosophy
PhilosophyArts and Humanities