When Did We Learn to See Malocclusion? Böcklin’s Death, the Deviated Mandible, and the Orthodontic Eye

Abstract

Arnold Böcklin's Self-Portrait with Death Playing the Fiddle (1872) is usually interpreted as a modern memento mori: the artist pauses at his work while Death plays a fiddle immediately behind him. Yet a closer anatomical inspection reveals another striking feature. Böcklin's own mouth is closed, whereas Death's skull has an open jaw that appears to deviate laterally. The skeleton seems almost to sing while playing a fiddle with only one string-the lowest G string. Although the apparent mandibular displacement should not be diagnosed as malocclusion from a painting, it invites an orthodontic reading that would not have been available in its modern form when Böcklin painted the work. More than 2 decades later, Edward H. Angle published his Classification of Malocclusion (1899), establishing a systematic framework in which normal occlusion provided the reference for recognizing deviation. His subsequent writings, including Some Basic Principles in Orthodontia (1903) and Some Studies in Occlusion (1905), further developed occlusion as a central subject of orthodontic thought. This essay does not suggest that Böcklin intentionally depicted malocclusion. Rather, it explores how later anatomical and orthodontic knowledge changes what we are able to see in an earlier work of art. The painting itself has not changed; the observer's eye has. Böcklin's silent face and Death's impossible mouth thus become a small but revealing encounter between art, anatomy, and the history of perception.

The authors' abstract, as published at the source. Journal of Craniofacial Surgery, 2026 · DOI ↗