Clinical Neurophysiology· 2025Q1· Guideline
Low intensity transcranial electric stimulation: Safety, ethical, legal regulatory and application guidelines (2017–2025: An update) – endorsed by the European Society for Brain Stimulation (ESBS) and by the International Federation for Clinical Neurophysiology (IFCN)
- 44citations
- Q1SCImago
- 2025year
Short summary
Across over 300,000 sessions, low intensity transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) has shown no serious adverse events (AEs) in healthy individuals, patients, and vulnerable groups, with mild AEs being transient and comparable to placebo.
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Key points
- Over 300,000 tES sessions reported no serious adverse events (AEs) in healthy, clinical, and vulnerable populations.
- Mild AEs (e.g., tingling, headaches) are common but transient and comparable to placebo effects.
- Safety is well-established for tES up to 4 mA and 60 minutes per day.
- Combined interventions (e.g., with EEG, TMS) and home-based use show no increased safety risks.
AI-generated from the title and abstract; the full text is not read.
Abstract
This guideline summarizes updated safety data (2017-2025) and provides expert recommendations on the use of low intensity transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) in humans. tES encompasses several techniques including transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), oscillatory transcranial direct current stimulation (otDCS), transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS), transcranial temporal interference stimulation (tTIS), and their combinations or variations. Across over 300,000 sessions involving healthy individuals, patients with neuropsychiatric conditions, and other clinical populations, no tES-related serious adverse events (AEs) have been reported. Moderate AEs are rare and limited to a small range of specific applications. Mild AEs are common and include transient symptoms such as localized sensations (e.g., tingling or burning), headaches, and fatigue. Similar mild AEs are also reported by individuals receiving placebo stimulation. The frequency, magnitude, and type of AEs are comparable across healthy, clinical, and vulnerable groups, including children, elderly, or pregnant women. Combined interventions (e.g., co-application with EEG, TMS, or neuroimaging) have not shown increased safety risks. Safety is well-established for both bipolar and multichannel tES when applied up to 4 mA and up to 60 min per day. Higher intensities and longer stimulation durations may also be safe. Nevertheless, the number of studies using intensities above 4 mA or stimulating longer than 60 min is low. Home-based use of treatments is growing rapidly, leveraging remote supervision to provide patients with greater access and enable repeated, sustained dosing paradigms. We recommend using screening and AE questionnaires in future controlled studies, in particular when planning to extend the stimulation parameters applied. We discuss recent regulatory and ethical issues.
The authors' abstract, as published at the source. Clinical Neurophysiology, 2025 · DOI ↗
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Field: Neurology (Neuroscience)
NeurologyNeuroscience