The Digital Kōan: Artificial Intelligence, Non-Self, and Contemplative Practice

Abstract

This article introduces the concept of the digital kōan, an AI-mediated contemplative prompt that functions as a catalyst for self-inquiry rather than a source of spiritual knowledge. Drawing on Buddhist psychology, cognitive science, and contemplative phenomenology, it examines how dialogue with conversational artificial intelligence can reveal the constructed nature of identity and illuminate the processes through which meaning, selfhood, and relational presence emerge. Through a comparison of traditional Zen kōan practice and AI-generated dialogue, the article explores both the possibilities and limitations of digitally mediated contemplative inquiry. Phenomenological case examples involving kōan-based interactions with Microsoft Copilot illustrate how AI dialogue may evoke cognitive dissonance, anthropomorphic projection, and reflexive awareness in ways that resemble aspects of traditional kōan engagement. The analysis emphasizes that current conversational AI provides no established evidence of consciousness or spiritual realization and should not be treated as possessing spiritual authority. Its significance lies not in wisdom or sentience but in its capacity to occasion reflection on users’ assumptions, desires, narratives, and patterns of self-construction. The article further examines ethical concerns associated with contemplative AI, including anthropomorphism, emotional dependency, spiritual outsourcing, and the commodification of digital spirituality. It proposes practical principles for mindful engagement and contemplative technology design, including transparency, reflective prompting, embodied practices, and adaptive safeguarding mechanisms. By reframing human–AI interaction as a form of contemplative inquiry, the concept of the digital kōan contributes to emerging scholarship on AI and religion, digital spirituality, and Buddhist approaches to selfhood. It argues that AI can function as a mirror for examining the illusion of self while highlighting the importance of maintaining ethical and philosophical clarity regarding the limits of machine participation in contemplative life. The digital kōan is proposed not as a substitute for traditional contemplative practice but as a contemporary site in which questions of selfhood, projection, and spiritual meaning can be explored in technologically mediated environments.

The authors' abstract, as published at the source. Religions, 2026 · DOI ↗