Bang–Bang Evasion: Its Stochastic Optimality and a Terminal-Set-Based Implementation

Abstract

We address the problem of optimal evasion in a planar endgame engagement, where a target with bounded lateral acceleration seeks to avoid interception by a missile guided by a linear feedback law. Contrary to existing approaches that assume perfect information or use heuristic maneuver models in stochastic settings, we formulate the problem in an inherently stochastic framework involving imperfect information and bounded controls. Complying with the generalized separation theorem, the control law factors in the posterior distribution of the state. We extend the well-known optimality of bang–bang evasion maneuvers in deterministic settings to the realm of realistic, stochastic evasion scenarios. First, we prove that an optimal evasion strategy always exists, and that the set of optimal solutions includes at least one bang–bang policy, rendering the resulting optimal control problem finite-dimensional. Second, leveraging this structure, we propose the closed-loop terminal-set-based evasion (TSE) strategy and demonstrate its effectiveness in simulation against a proportional navigation pursuer. Monte Carlo simulations show that the TSE strategy outperforms traditional stochastic evasion strategies based on random telegraph, Singer, and weaving models.

The authors' abstract, as published at the source. Journal of Guidance Control and Dynamics, 2026 · DOI ↗