Zwitterionic Polymer Coating Enabled Chronic Dopamine Sensing and Electrophysiology Recording in Free‐Moving Mice

Abstract

The brain's complex network relies on both electrical and chemical signaling to support its physiological and cognitive functions. To fully understand neural circuit dynamics and their dysfunctions, it is crucial to simultaneously detect neurotransmitters and modulators alongside electrophysiological signals. The striatal dopamine circuits are integral to neurological processes such as movement, reward, learning, and circadian rhythm regulation, making it highly desirable to monitor both neural activity and dopamine (DA) levels in freely behaving animals. One promising approach involves the implantation of multimodal microelectrode arrays (MEAs). However, chronic electrochemical sensing of DA in freely moving animals faces significant challenges, including biofouling of sensing electrodes and the instability of Ag/AgCl reference electrodes. In this study, we developed two complementary strategies-surface grafting and photo crosslinking-to coat the MEA and implanted Ag/AgCl reference electrodes, respectively, with zwitterionic poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate) (PSB). The surface-grafted thin PSB coating effectively inhibits protein fouling and inflammatory responses to the MEA, while the PSB hydrogel protects the Ag/AgCl electrodes from delamination in vivo, ensuring a stable reference potential. By coating both the Ag/AgCl reference electrodes and flexible polyimide MEAs with PSB and PEDOT/CNT, we achieved stable DA detection and electrophysiological recordings in freely moving mice over a four-week period. Weekly electrochemical impedance spectroscopy confirmed the long-term stability of the implanted electrodes. Our method enables multidimensional analysis of behavioral patterns, electrophysiological activity, and DA dynamics, providing a comprehensive approach for neuroscience research. This work advances neurochemical and electrophysiological methodologies by offering reliable tools for longitudinal investigations of brain function in freely behaving animals.

The authors' abstract, as published at the source. Advanced Healthcare Materials, 2026 · DOI ↗