ACS Omega· 2026Q1
Ethanol-Modified, Supercritical CO2 Extraction of Persimmon ( Diospyros kaki L.) Side Streams for Innovative Bioactive and Antimicrobial Formulations: A Pilot Level Proof-of-Concept and Green Chemistry Evaluation
- 0citations
- Q1SCImago
- 2026year
Short summary
A pilot-scale supercritical CO2 extraction with 2% ethanol yielded a persimmon side stream extract with potent antimicrobial activity (MIC 0.8-7.8 μL/mL vs. E. coli, B. subtilis, P. expansum), comparable to oregano extract, and rich in iron (85.8 mg/100 g).
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Key points
- Pilot-scale supercritical CO2 extraction with 2% ethanol efficiently produced a bioactive extract from persimmon side streams.
- The extract showed notable antimicrobial activity against E. coli, B. subtilis, and P. expansum, with MICs of 0.8-7.8 μL/mL, similar to oregano extract.
- The extract is rich in iron (85.8 mg/100 g) and contains significant magnesium (52% RDI per 100 g).
- The green chemistry evaluation showed a high eco-scale score (45.9) and significantly reduced environmental impact metrics (PMI, CEF) compared to bench scale.
AI-generated from the title and abstract; the full text is not read.
Abstract
Abstract This study addresses the sustainable valorization of persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.) side streams via process intensification through supercritical CO2 technology (Sc-CO2) (35 MPa, 50 °C, 120 min). Namely, the ethanol proportion in the supercritical stream and different levels of operation (LoOP) were tested. In particular, the process at a pilot LoOP (2%-ethanol-doped, 2 kg of sample) enabled the production of a lipophilic extract with enhanced nutritional and biological activity, making it a promising candidate for further research in nutraceutical formulations. More deeply, the extract demonstrated a noted antimicrobial activity against bacteria (Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis) and filamentous fungi (Penicillium expansum), with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) ranging from 0.8-7-8 μL/mL that were similar as the benchmark (oregano extract). In addition, the crude displayed a noted Fe content (85.8 mg/100 g extract), with a relevant presence of Mg as well (up to 52% RDI in 100 g extract). The environmental sustainability of the process (pilot level, 2%-ethanol-doped) was assessed through green chemistry metrics. Namely, the protocol displayed 45.9 score in the eco-scale, and a ten-fold reduction for PMI or CEF compared to bench scale experiments (2%-ethanol). Overall, this work highlights the efficiency of an advanced methodology to produce a bioactive extract from persimmon culls that represents a promising candidate for the development of nutraceuticals.
The authors' abstract, as published at the source. ACS Omega, 2026 · DOI ↗
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Field: Biochemistry (Medicine)
BiochemistryMedicine