Artifact estimation network for MR images: effectiveness of batch normalization and dropout layers

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an essential tool for medical diagnosis. However, artifacts may degrade images obtained through MRI, especially owing to patient movement. Existing methods that mitigate the artifact problem are subject to limitations including extended scan times. Deep learning architectures, such as U-Net, may be able to address these limitations. Optimizing deep learning networks with batch normalization (BN) and dropout layers enhances their convergence and accuracy. However, the influence of this strategy on U-Net has not been explored for artifact removal. METHODS: This study developed a U-Net-based regression network for the removal of motion artifacts and investigated the impact of combining BN and dropout layers as a strategy for this purpose. A Transformer-based network from a previous study was also adopted for comparison. In total, 1200 images (with and without motion artifacts) were used to train and test three variations of U-Net. RESULTS: The evaluation results demonstrated a significant improvement in network accuracy when BN and dropout layers were implemented. The peak signal-to-noise ratio of the reconstructed images was approximately doubled and the structural similarity index was improved by approximately 10% compared with those of the artifact images. CONCLUSIONS: Although this study was limited to phantom images, the same strategy may be applied to more complex tasks, such as those directed at improving the quality of MR and CT images. We conclude that the accuracy of motion artifact removal can be improved by integrating BN and dropout layers into a U-Net-based network, with due consideration of the correct location and dropout rate.

The authors' abstract, as published at the source. BMC Medical Imaging, 2025 · DOI ↗