International Journal of Molecular Sciences· 2021Q1· Review
Analytical Methods Used in Determining Antioxidant Activity: A Review
- 1,986citations
- Q1SCImago
- 2021year
Short summary
This review critically presents key chemical assays for determining antioxidant activity, including ORAC, HORAC, TRAP, TOSC (hydrogen atom transfer), CUPRAC, FRAP, Folin-Ciocalteu (electron transfer), and ABTS, DPPH (mixed transfer).
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Key points
- Presents key chemical assays for antioxidant activity: ORAC, HORAC, TRAP, TOSC, CUPRAC, FRAP, Folin-Ciocalteu, ABTS, and DPPH.
- Categorizes assays by their radical scavenging mechanism: hydrogen atom transfer, electron transfer, or mixed transfer.
- Spectrophotometry is the common detection method, monitoring colorimetric changes to assess reaction kinetics or equilibrium.
- These chemical assays are applicable to complex samples and can be complemented by electrochemical methods for mechanistic clarification.
AI-generated from the title and abstract; the full text is not read.
Abstract
The study of antioxidants and their implications in various fields, from food engineering to medicine and pharmacy, is of major interest to the scientific community. The present paper is a critical presentation of the most important tests used to determine the antioxidant activity, detection mechanism, applicability, advantages and disadvantages of these methods. Out of the tests based on the transfer of a hydrogen atom, the following were presented: the Oxygen Radical Absorption Capacity (ORAC) test, the Hydroxyl Radical Antioxidant Capacity (HORAC) test, the Total Peroxyl Radical Trapping Antioxidant Parameter (TRAP) test, and the Total Oxyradical Scavenging Capacity (TOSC) test. The tests based on the transfer of one electron include the Cupric Reducing Antioxidant Power (CUPRAC) test, the Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) test, the Folin-Ciocalteu test. Mixed tests, including the transfer of both a hydrogen atom and an electron, include the 2,2'-Azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) test, and the [2,2-di(4-tert-octylphenyl)-1-picrylhydrazyl] (DPPH) test. All these assays are based on chemical reactions and assessing the kinetics or reaching the equilibrium state relies on spectrophotometry, presupposing the occurrence of characteristic colours or the discolouration of the solutions to be analysed, which are processes monitored by specific wavelength adsorption. These assays were successfully applied in antioxidant analysis or the determination of the antioxidant capacity of complex samples. As a complementary method in such studies, one may use methods based on electrochemical (bio)sensors, requiring stages of calibration and validation. The use of chemical methods together with electrochemical methods may result in clarification of the operating mechanisms and kinetics of the processes involving several antioxidants.
The authors' abstract, as published at the source. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2021 · DOI ↗
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Field: Organic Chemistry
Organic ChemistryChemistry